THE LABORATORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND RADIOBIOLOGY
Hadassah Hebrew-University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
Dr Raphael Gorodetsky

Current Fibrin-related Tissue Regeneration Projects of the Laboratory
The Laboratory of Biotechnology and Radiobiology is operating in the Sharett Institute of Oncology at Hadassah- Hebrew-University Medical Center. It is presently concentrating mostly on fibrin related tissue regeneration and related projects.

Based on studies on the role of fibrin in wound healing and tissue regeneration, a new cell manipulation technology, based on fibrin microbeads (FMB), was invented by Dr Marx and Dr Gorodetsky. This technology provides a fibrin based matrix in the shape of beads of the adequate size for growth of a high number of cells in a 3-D suspension culture as ‘liquid tissue’ and for the transfer and implant of these cells for tissue regeneration. The FMB fabrication process enables preservation of the cell attraction (hapto-tactic) properties of fibrinogen while providing hard and slowly biodegradable cell active beads. The fibrin microbeads conserve the haptotactic (cell binding) properties of fibrinogen, while adding new values for tissue engineering, such as biodegradability, non-immunogeneity and particulate matrix capabilities.

Dr Raphael Gorodetsky

Bone marrow-derived adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are emerging as a promising source of autologous, expandable stem cells with profound proliferative capacity, high regenerative potential and genetic plasticity. Nevertheless, the number of such MSCs is very low. The FMB technique provides a simple procedure for isolating higher yield of MSCs. The FMB could also serve for isolating such cells from other sources that include mobilized or normal peripheral blood and potentially also from liposuction. The isolated cells could be expanded on the FMB in suspension culture and directed to differentiate into cells of the tissue type of interest. Furthermore, the biodegradable FMB can serve as a vehicle for their transplantation into the tissue of interest with higher rate of cell survival after implantation. The FMB are examined as a tool for regeneration of different tissues based on cell implants with special emphasis on orthopedics and bone regeneration.

In pursuit of the mechanism of cell attachment to fibrinogen, a new family of short 20 residues cell binding peptides that are present in the c-termini of fibrinogen was discovered in the laboratory. These synthetic peptides homologous to sequences on fibrinogen were termed Haptides (TM). When attached to a matrix of interest, Haptides demonstrate the ability to significantly enhance cell attraction and attachment, similar to the cell binding to the native fibrinogen molecule. As synthetic peptides, the Haptides are readily synthesized through a standard simple process. As part of naturally-occurring human fibrinogen, they are assumed not to be immunogenic and could be used to coat less cell friendly matrices with reduced rejection. They could be the basis for the development of product opportunities applicable to the field of cosmetic tissue augmentation, wound healing and orthopedics. The solubilized Haptides were also found to be highly cell permeable. They could be used as transducers into cells of drugs, liposomal formulations and genes. Their main advantage over other peptidic transfection agents is that they are not toxic and not expected to be immunogenic.
Therefore, the Haptides could be used as safer transducing agents for many potential in-vivo applications. Further studies are now being conducted on the cardiovascular effect of high doses of Haptides as a potential explanation of the possible influence of degradation products of fibrin on the heart in occlusive circulatory diseases.

Figure 1. The team of the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Radiobiology

Commercialization of the Fibrin-related Technologies and Collaboration with Related Industry
Based on the fibrin related technology of the Laboratory, Hapto Biotech, the first spin-off biotechnology company of Hadassah Hebrew-University Medical Center was launched in the year 2000. Hapto Biotech Israel is operating with close interaction and in concert with the Lab in further developing the fibrin related technologies for a wide range of applications. Dr Gorodetsky, the head of the Lab. also serves as the Chief Scientist of Hapto.

Figure 2. Bone tissue formation from mesenchymal cells isolated by FMB. A. Confocal microscopy of a fibrin microbead (FMB) loaded with mesenchymal cells (MSCs) isolated from bone marrow. The distribution of the cells on the bead is clearly demonstrated. B. Fluorescence microscopy of FMB aggregated by mesenchymal cells (MSCs) from a GFP+ transgenic C56bl mouse after induction to osteogenic differentiation in the test tube by adequate medium in suspension culture. C. Scanning electron microscopy of bone matrix and tissue formed in-vitro by MSC isolated by FMB from the bone marrow of C56bl mouse and expanded on the beads. The Isolated cells on FMB (see aggregated FMB on the lower right) were induced to differentiate to osteoblasts. After about 6-7 weeks in medium in the suspension culture, the cells migrated out and formed in-vitro a bone like structure with typical obsteoblastic cells secreting calcified matrix. D. Microscopic section and H&E staining of ectopic bone structure capsule (upper tubular dense structure) in a mouse kidney following sub-capsular implant of FMB loaded with bone-marrow-derived MSCs isolated and grown on the FMB. The FMB loaded with cells were implanted under the capsule for one month. The kidneys were excised and sectioned. Most FMB were degraded at this time point leaving behind a typical thin structure of ossified bone-like tissue under the kidney capsule.

Hapto Biotech and the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Radiobiology were engaged in a number of collaborative studies with other academic entities and commercial companies. A joint venture of Hapto Biotech, in conjunction with Ortec International Inc. in NY, a company focusing on the development on wound healing products, was set up a couple of years ago. Its aim was to develop the Haptide technology for a non-cellular cell binding dressing for wound healing, skin regeneration and tissue augmentation.

During 2006 Hapto Biotech was merged with Ortec International, New York. Hapto Israel then became a division of Ortec International, focusing on tissue regeneration based on Hapto’s technologies. Most scientific programmes on the fibrin related technologies for Hapto Biotech are run at Hadassah Hospital.

Other Technologies Developed in the Laboratory, and Research Topics – Brief History
The Lab-BiotechRad was preceded by the Laboratory of Diagnostic x-ray spectrometry (DXS) based on a unique system that was developed by a team at Hadassah and Hebrew University and assembled at Hadassah Hospital by Dr Gorodetsky for non-invasive in-vivo analysis of trace elements in external tissues with a wide range of clinical applications. The studies performed up to a few years ago with the DXS concentrated of the physiology of trace elements.

Figure 3. Bovine collagen sponge coated with the new haptotactic peptides (Haptides) integrating in tissue two weeks following its sub-dermal implant. The Haptides help the sponge bind and integrate with the surrounding tissue with minimal rejection, foreign-body reaction or inflammatory response (A study conducted by G. Marx, R Gorodetsky and team for Hapto Biotech, a subdivision of Ortec International, NY)

Besides many basic research projects the clinical applications of the DXS were mainly in the evaluation of metal intoxication of eyes harboring intra-ocular foreign bodies, non-invasive follow-up of iron deposition in thalassemia major and other iron deposition diseases, follow-up of heavy metals intoxication and heavy metal based chemotherapy.

Later on the Laboratory was expanded to the area of cancer research, radiobiology with special emphasis on the combination of radiation and chemotherapy, from cell cultures based models up to clinical studies.

The Viscoelasticity Skin Analyzer (VESA)
One of the other major achievements of the Laboratory in the last decade was the invention and assembly of the unique viscoelastic skin analyzer (VESA). A new accurate device that can monitor non-invasively in high sensitivity the mechanical properties of the skin by measuring it’s viscoelasticity and anisotropy. The operating principle of the VESA is based on transmission of surface acoustic waves and monitoring the speed of its propagation in the examined skin area. The speed of mechanical sound waves propagation in external tissues is proportional to the Young modulus of elasticity. The development team included Dr Raphael Gorodetsky, Dr A. Vexler, Mr I. Polyansky and others.

The VESA has many applications in all areas of skin and external tissues research and clinical practice, both in dermatology, plastic surgery and cosmetology. One of the first applications of the VESA was to monitor adverse effect of radiotherapy on the skin in order to establish and verify the best radiation fractionation schemes that introduces the minimal late effects to the dermis. After many years of research and development the VESA device is now being commercialized.

The VESA device measures non-invasively the viscoelasticity
and the mechanical properties of the skin in health and
disease. The principle of the device is based on monitoring
the speed of propagation of acoustic wave on the skin surface.

Selected Bibliography, Past and Present
A. Tissue healing and fibrin related cellular and tissue regeneration publications

Gorodetsky, R., McBride, W.H. and Withers, H.R.
Assay of radiation damage in mouse skin expressed
by wound healing. Radiat. Res. 116: 135–144
(1988).

Gorodetsky, R., Mou, X., Taylor, J.M., Fisher, D.R., and
Withers, H.R. Radiation effect on mouse skin: dose
fractionation and wound healing. Int. J. Rad. Oncol.
Biol. Phys. 18: 1077–1081 (1990).

Gorodetsky, R., McBride, W.H., withers, H.R. and
Miller, G.G. Effect of fibroblast implants on wound
healing of irradiated skin; Assay of wound strength
and quantitative immunohistology of collagen. Rad.
Research, 125: 181–186 (1991).

Gorodetsky, R., Amir, G. and Yarom, R. Effect of
ionizing radiation on tongue neuromuscular junctions
in mice. Int. J. Rad. Biol. 61: 539–544 (1992).
Marx, G., Blankenfeld, A., Bar Shany, S. and

Gorodetsky, R. Reducing white cells in platelet units.
Transfusion 31:743–747 (1991)

Kohen, R., Tirosh, O. and Gorodetsky, R. The reductive
capacity of tissues is decreased following exposure to
oxidative stress: a: cyclic voltamety study of irradiated
rats. Free Radicals Res. Comun. 17: 239–248
(1992).

Marx, G., Korner, G., Mou, X., and Gorodetsky, R.
Packaging zinc, fibrinogen and factor XIII in platelet
-granules. J Cell Physiol. 156: 437–442 (1993).

Gorodetsky, R., Vexler, A., An, J., Mou, X.and Marx, G.
(1998). Chemotactic and Growth Stimulatory Effects
of Fibrin(ogen) and thrombin on cultured fibroblasts
J Lab Clin Med. 131: 269–280.

Gorodetsky, R., Clark, RAF., Gailit, J., An, J., Vexler, A.,
Berman, E., Levdansky, L. and Marx, G. (1999)
Fibrin microbeads as high density cell carriers for
culturing and implanting cells, application for
wound healing. J Invest. Dermatol, 112; 866–873.

Vexler, A., Polyansky, I. and Gorodetsky, R. (1999)
Evaluation of skin Viscoelasticity and anisotropy by
measurement of speed of shear wave propagation
with viscoelasticity skin analyzer (VESA). J Invest.
Dermatol, 113: 732–739.

Gorodetsky, R., Vexler, A., An, J., Levdansky, L., Clark,
RAF.and Marx, G. (2001) Fibrin microbeads (FMB)
as biodegradable carriers for culturing cells and for
accelerating wound healing. Jourmal des Plais et
Cicatrisations, (French) 26: 15–21.

Gorodetsky, R., Vexler, A. and Marx, G. (2001) Fibrin
Microbeads (FMB) for wound healing and tissue
engineering of skin. In Cultured Human
Keratinocytes and Tissue Engineered Skin Substitutes,
R.E. Horch, Munster A.M. and Achauer B.M.
editors, Georg Thieme Verlag.

Gurevitz, O., Vexler, A., Marx, G., Bar-Shavit, Z.,
Prigozhina, T., Levdansky, L., Slavin, S., and
Gorodetsky, R. (2002) Fibrin microbeads for
isolating and growing bone marrow-derived progenitor
cells capable of forming bone tissue. Tissue
Engineering, 8: 661–672.

Zangi,L., Levdansky,L, Marx, G, Gorodetsky, R. (2003)
Isolation with fibrin microbeads of bone marrowderived
pluripotent cell lines. Cell Transplant 12:
193–194.

Gorodetsky R., Vexler A., Shamir M., An J., Levdansky
L., Shimeliovich I., Marx G. (2003). New cell
attachment peptide sequences from conserved
epitopes in the carboxy termini of fibrinogen. Exper.
Cell Res. 287, 116–129.

Marx G., Ben-Moshe M., Magdassi S., and Gorodetsky,
R. (2004) Fibrinogen C-terminal peptidic sequences
(Haptides) modulate fibrin polymerization. Thromb
Haemost. 91: 43–51.

Gorodetsky R., Levdansky L, Vexler A, Shimeliovich I.,
Kassis I., Ben-Moshe M., Magdassi S., Marx G.C.
(2004) Liposome transduction into cells enhanced by
haptotactic peptides (Haptides) homologous to
fibrinogen C-chain termini. J Controlled Release 95,
477–488.

Gorodetsky R. , Peilin-Ramu N., Reshef A., Gaberman
E.T. and Marx G.(2005) Interactions of carboplatin
with fibrin sealant for slow-release, local chemotherapy.
J Controlled Release, 102 235–245.

Gorodetsky R., Vexler A., Levdansky L., Marx G.
(2004). Fibrin microbeads (FMB) as biodegradable
carriers for culturing cells and for accelerating
wound healing. Methods Mol Biol; 238: 11–24.

Shimony N., Gorodetsky R., Marx G., Rivkin R., Ben-
Ari A., Landsman A. and Haviv HS. (2006) Fibrin
Microbeads (FMB) as a 3-D Platform for Kidney
Gene and Cell Therapy. Kidney International, 69:
635–633.

Zangi L., Rivkin R., Kassis I., Levdansky L., Marx G.,
Gorodetsky R. High yield isolation, expansion and
differentiation of rat bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal
stem-cells with fibrin-microbeads (FMB)
Tissue Engineering. In press, Aug 2006:

Kassis I., Zangi L., Rivkin R., Samuel S., Levdansky L.,
Marx G. and Gorodetsky R (2006). Isolation of
mesenchymal stem cells from G-CSF-mobilized
human peripheral blood using fibrin Microbeads
(FMB). Bone Marrow Transp., (2006) 37: 967–976.

Marx G, Mou X., Hotovely-Salomon A., Levdansky L.,
Gaberman E., and Gorodetsky R. Biophysics and cell
binding of heat denatured fibrinogen. In Press,
Biomaterials, 2006.

Marx G, Hotovely-Salomon A., Levdansky L.,
Gaberman E., Adler L., Shimeliovich I., Snir G.,
Zivner I., Klauzner Y., Silberklang M., Lesnoy D.
and Gorodetsky R. Haptide-coated collagen sponge
as a bioactive matrix for tissue regeneration. Sent for
Publication in Biomaterials, 2006.

Rivkin R., Ben-Ari A., Kassis I. , Gaberman E.,
Levdansky L., Hotovely Salomon A., Marx G.,
Gorodetsky R. Isolation, Expansion and Differentiation
of Murine BM-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Using Fibrin Microbeads (FMB). Sent for Publication
to Cloning & Stem-Cells, 2006.

B. Viscoelasticity Skin Analyzer (VESA) Technology and related research projects

Enk, C.D., Elad, S., Vexler, A., Kapelushnik, J.,
Gorodetsky, R.& Kirschbaum, M.(1998). Chronic
graft-versus-host disease treated with UVB phototherapy.
BMT 22: 1179–1184.

Gorodetsky, R. And Vexler, A. Use of viscoelastic skin
analyzer (VESA) for non-invasive follow-up of late
skin changes following radiotherapy in breast cancer.
International Forum on Wound Care, 1: 11–14, 1998.

Gorodetsky, R., Polyansky, I., Lotan, C., Piggot, K.,
Dische, S., Sounders, M., Pierce, L., Lichter, A. and
Vexler, A. (1999) Late effects of dose fractionation
on the mechanical properties of breast skin following
post-lumpectomy radiotherapy. Int J Radiat. Oncol.
Biol. Physics 45: 893–900. (4.297; 26/123; 8; 7).

Gorodetsky, R., Andriessen A., Lotan, Ch., Polyansky, I.
(1999) Radiation-induced skin effects in breast
cancer patients following radiotherapy and a
possible radioprotective effect of Zn based cream. J
Wound Care 8: 514–519.

C. Diagnostic-X-ray Spectrometry (DXS), radiobiology and cancer research

Gorodetsky, R., Weinreb, A., Zeimer, R. and Belkin, M.
Noninvasive copper measurement in chalcosis;
comparison with electroretinography and
ophthalmoscopy. Arch. Ophthalmol 95: 1059–1064
(1977).

Zeimer, R., Gorodetsky, R., Lahav, M. and Belkin, M.
Experimental chalcosis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 96: 115–
119 (1978).

Yarom, R., Havivi, Y. Notowitz, G., Friedman, M.,
Gorodetsky, R. and Zeimer, R. Elements in muscles
measured in-vivo and in vitro with X-ray
spectrometry. Muscle & Nerve 1: 486–494 (1978).

Yarom, R., Robin, G.C. and Gorodetsky, R. X-ray
fluorescence analysis of muscles in scoliosis. Spine 3:
142–144 (1978).

Yarom, R., Blatt, J., Gorodetsky, R. and Robin, G. C.
Micro-analysis and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
of platelets in diseases with elevated muscle calcium.
Europ. J. Clin. Invest. 10: 143–147 (1980).

Maunder-Sewry, C., Gorodetsky, R., Yarom, R. and
Dubovitz, V. X-ray fluorescence of muscles from
patients with muscular dystrophies. Muscle & Nerve
3: 502–508 (1980).

Sheskin, J., Gorodetsky, R., Weinreb, A. and Loewinger,
E. Iron content of skin before and after thalidomide
treatment of lepra reaction. Dermatologica 162:
145–150 (1981).

Sheskin, J., Gorodetzky, R., Loewinger, E. and Weinreb,
A. In-vivo measurements of iron, copper and zinc in the skin
of prurigo nodularis patients treated with thalidomide.
Dermatologica 162: 86–90 (1981).

Gorodetsky, R., Goldfarb, A., Dagan, I. and
Rachmilewitz E.A. Noninvasive analysis of iron and
zinc level in the skin of beta-thalassemia major and
intermedia. J Clin. Lab. Med. 105: 44–51 (1985).

Gorodetsky, R., Fuks, Z., Sulkes, A. Ginsburg, H. and
Weshler, Z. Correlation of red blood cell and plasma
levels of zinc, copper and iron with evidence of
metastatic spread in cancer patients. Cancer 55:
779–787 (1985).

Gorodetsky, R., Fuks, Z., Peretz, T. and Ginsburg, H.
Fluorometric determination of zinc and free
protoporphyrins in health and disease. J Clin.
Biochem. 18: 362–367 (1985).

Ginsburg, H., Gorodetsky, R. and Krugliak, M. The zinc
status in malaria infected erythrocytes; stage dependent
accumulation, compartmentation and the effect
of dipicolinate. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 886: 337–
344 (1986).

Gorodetsky, R., Fuks Z., Peretz, T. and Ginsburg, H.
Elevation of zinc-& free-protoporphyrins with
metastatic spread in cancer patients. Europ. J Clin.
Oncol. 22: 1515–1521 (1986).

Ginsburg, H., Handeli, S., Friedman, S., Gorodetsky, R.
and Krugliak, M. Effects of red blood cell potassium
and hypertoxicity on the growth of Plasmodium
Palciparum. Parasitenkunde 72: 185–199 (1986).

Gorodetsky, R., Weinreb, A. and Sheskin, J. (1986)
Trace elements in pigmented nevi and in precancerous
and cancerous skin conditions. Int. J. Dermatol.
25: 440–445 (1986).

Friedlander, M.M., Kaufman, B., Rubinger, D. and
Gorodetsky, R. Normal skin zinc level in hemodialysis
patients. Trace elements in medicine 4: 105–
106 (1987).

Yarom, R., Sherman, Y., Zagher, U., Wexler, M. R. and
Gorodetsky, R. Elevated concentrations of elements
and abnormalities of neuromuscular functions in
tongue muscles of Down’s Syndrome. J. Neurol. Sci.
79: 315–326 (1987).

Ackerman, Z. Michaeli, J. and Gorodetsky, R. Skin
discoloration in chronic thrombocytopenic purpura:
detection of local iron deposition by X-ray
spectrometry. Dermatologica 172: 222–24 (1986).

Friedlaender, M.M., Kaufman, B. Rubinger, D.,
Popovtzer, M., and Gorodetsky, R. Noninvasive
assessment of skin iron content in hemodialysis
patients. An index of parenchymal tissue iron
content? Amer. J. Kidney Dis. 12: 18–25 (1988).

Ackerman, Z., Loewenthal, M., Seiderbaum Rubinow,
A. and Gorodetsky, R. Skin zinc concentration in
patients with varicose ulcers. Int. J. Dermatol. 19:
360–361 (1990).

Gorodetsky, R., Loewenthal, E. and Rachmilewitz, E.A.
Non-invasive follow-up of iron-load in external
tissues an index of hemochromatosis in thalassemia
patients. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 612, 568–572 (1990).

Ackerman, Z., Loewenthal, M., Seiderbaum Rubinow,
A. and Gorodetsky, R. Skin zinc concentration in
patients with varicose ulcers. Int. J. Dermatol. 19:
360–361 (1990).

Gomori, J.M., Horev, G., Tamari, H., Zandback, J.,
Kornreich, L., Zaizov, R., Freud, E., Krief, O., Ben-
Meir, J., Rotem, H., Kuspet, M., Rosen, P.,
Rachmilewitz, E.A., Loewenthal, E. and Gorodetsky,
R. Quantitative MRI of hepatic iron overload.
Radiology, 179: 367–369 (1991).

Neumann, R., Belkin, M.A., Loewenthal, E., and
Gorodetsky, R. long term follow-up of metallosis in
eyes retaining intra-ocular foreign bodies. Arch
Ophtahlmol. 110: 1269–1272 (1992).

Ramu, A., Ramu, N. and Gorodestsky, R. Reduced
oubain resistant potassium entry as a possible
mechanism of multidrug-resistance in p388 cells.
Biochem. Parmacol., 42: 1699–1704 (1992).

Ben Baruch, G., Menczer, J., Goshen, R., Kaufman, B.
and Gorodetsky. R. Cisplatin excretion in human
milk. J Nat. Cancer Inst. 84: 451–452 (1992).

Marx G., Blankenfeld, A., Panet, R., and Gorodetsky, R.
A model for the regulation of platelets volume and
responsiveness by the transmembrane Na+/K+ pump.
J Cell. Physiol. 151: 249–254 (1992).

Gorodetsky, R., Blankelfeld, A., Mou, X. and Marx, G.
Direct multi-elemental analysis of platelets in
relation to their homologous plasma as determined
by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Am. J
Haematol. 42: 278–283 (1993).

Gorodetsky, R., Vexler, A., Mou, X., Kauffman, B. and
Loewenthal, E. A. sensitive non-invasive analysis of
Pt in external tissues. Follow-up of Pt deposition
following cisplatin treatment. Med. Phys., 20: 1007–
1011 (1993) .

Gorodetsky, R., Vexler, A., Mou, X. and Gabizon, A.
(1993). Intra-arterial cisplatin for the treatment of
liver malignancies: pharmacokinetics and phramacodynamics.
Eur. J. Cancer 29; suppl 6: 109, 1993.

Gorodetsky, R., Mou, X., Vexler, A., Kauffman, B.,
Catane, R. and Loewenthal, E. Non-invasive followup
of platinum pharmacokinetics in the skin of
patients on cisplatin chemotherapy. Cancer 72: 446–
454 (1993).

Gorodetsky, R., Amselem, S. and Barenholz, Y. Trace
elements analysis of liposomal formulations by
diagnostic X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (DXS).
Chem. Phys. Lipids. 64: 31–34 (1993).

Barak, V., Gorodetsky, R., Weidenfeld, Y., Peritt, D.,
Yanay, P., Halperin, M. and Treves. H.A. In-vivo
anti-inflamatory effects of the M20 IL-1 inhibitor. II.
Effects on serum reactatnts. Biotherapy 6: 271–277
(1994).

Hoffman, A., Alfon, J., Habib, G., Pinto, E., and
Gorodetsky, R. The effect of neurosuppresion by
total body irradiation on the pharmacodynamics of
centrally acting drugs. Pharm Res. 11: 704–8 (1994).

Vexler, A., Mou, X., Gabizon, A., Horowitz. and
Gorodetsky, R. Reduction of the systemic toxicity of
cisplatin by intra-arteial hepatic route administration
for liver malignancies. Int J Cancer 60: 611–615
(1995).

Gorodetsky, R., Vexler, A., Bar-Khaim, Y. and Biran, H.
Plasma Pt. elimination in hemodialysis patient
treated with cisplatin. Ther. Drug Monitor. 17: 203–
206 (1995).

Gorodetsky, R., Mou, X., Pfeffer, MR., Peretz, T., Levi
Agababa, F. and Vexler, A. Subadditive effect of the
combination of radiation and cisplatin in cultured
murine and human cell lines. Isr. J Med. Sci. 31: 95–
100 (1995).

Tirosh, O.S, Kohen, R., Katzhendler, Y. Gorodetsky, R.
and Bernholtz, Y. (1997). Novel synthetic phospholipid
protects lipid bilayers against oxidative damage:
Role of hydration layer and bound water. J Chem.
Soc. Perk Tr 2: 383–391.

Hoffman, A., Alfon, J., Habib, G., Pinto, E., and
Gorodetsky, R. (1994).The effect of neurosuppresion
by total body irradiation on the pharmacodynamics
of centrally acting drugs. Pharm. Res. 11: 704–708.

Gorodetsky, R., Mou, X., Levi Agababa, F, and Vexler,
A. (1998). In vitro studies on the combined effect of
radiation with cisplatin. Int. J. Cancer. 75; 635–642
Gorodetsky, R., Levdansky, L., Ringel I.and Vexler, A.
(1998). Paclitaxel induced modification of the effects
of radiation and alterations in the cell cycle in
normal and tumor mammalian cells. Radiat. Res.,
150: 283–291.

Moyna, G., Williams, H.J. Scott, A.I., Ringel, I.,
Gorodetsky, R.& Swindell, C.S.(1997) Conformational
studies of taxol analogs modified at the C-2'
position in hydrophobic and hydrophilic solvent
systems. J. Med. Chem., 40: 3305–3301.

Richter, E., El-Sharif, N., Fischbein, A., Konijn, A.,
Gorodetsky, R., El-Sharif, H., Kaul, B., Hershko, C.,
Grauer, F., Foner, H., Al-Baba, A., Dweik, Z,
Lihsounat, MC. (2000). Re-emergence of lead
poisoning from contaminated flour in a west bank
Palestinian village. Int J Occup Environ Health. 6:
183–6.